The Winners of Nobel Prize 2022

The Nobel prize season has come to an end. It started on October 3,2022, and continued till October 10, 2022. The winner of this prestigious prize will take away 10 million Swedish Kronor, which is Rs 7,28,70,710.00. Though the Nobel prize began in 1901, it has been awarded 609 times to 975 individuals and organizations. Recently the 2022 Nobel Peace Prize was accoladed to Human Rights Advocate Ales Bialiatski from Belarus, the Ukrainian Human Rights Organization Center for Civil Liberties, and the Russian Human Rights Organization Memorial. There were ten men and two women who got this Nobel. 

The Nobel prizes, which are in Swedish Nobelpriset and in Norwegian Nobelprisen, are five distinct prizes, which according to Alfred Nobel’s will in 1895, are accoladed to those who, during the former year, have conferred a significant benefit to humankind. Alfred Nobel was a Swedish engineer, industrialist, and chemist most popularly known for the invention of dynamite. He passed away in 1896. In his will, he disposed of all his remaining accomplishable assets to be used to be given five prizes which came to be known as the Nobel prizes. These prizes are awarded in the fields of Chemistry, Physics, Physiology or Medicine, Peace, and Literature. Sveriges Riksbank, Sweden’s Central Bank in 1968, funded the starting of the prize in economics in memory of Alfred Nobel. Nobel prize is greatly considered a prestigious award in their respective fields. 

It takes place annually. Each recipient is awarded a Gold Medal, a Diploma, and a Monetary Award. The Monetary Nobel prize award in 2021 was 10,000,000 SEK. A prize might not be shared among more than three persons but the Nobel Peace prize can be given to organizations or more than three individuals.

Past History of Nobel Prize

Alfred Nobel was born in Stockholm, Sweden, on October 21, 1833, into an engineering family. He was an engineer, chemist, and inventor. Nobel purchased steel mills and Bofors iron which he build into a major armaments manufacturer. He also invented Ballistite. The invention was a forerunner to many smokeless military explosives, specifically the British smokeless powder Cordite. As a result of his patent affirmation, Nobel was, in due course, involved in a patent infringement lawsuit over Cordite. Nobel assembled a fortune during his lifetime that; most of his wealth came from his 355 inventions, among which Dynamite was famous. 

Nobel was amazed to read his obituary in 1888 titled “the Merchant of Death is Dead” in a french newspaper. It was Alfred brother Ludvig who died. The obituary was eight years premature. The article unsettles Alfred and makes him anxious about how he would be remembered. This stimulated him to change his will. When he was 63 years old, he died in his villa of San Remo, Italy, from a cerebral hemorrhage. He wrote many wills during his life period. Nobel collected the last over a year before his death took place. He signed it at the Swedish-Norwegian club in Paris on November 27, 1895. His last will identify his fortune to be used to create a series of prizes that confer the greatest benefit on humankind in Chemistry, Physiology, Physics, Literature, and Peace. 

Foundation of Nobel

The Nobel Foundation established as a private organization on June 29, 1900. Its purpose is to manage the administration and finances of the Nobel prizes. The Nobel Foundation was equal to an investment company. It invests Nobel’s money to generate a solid funding base for the prizes and administrative works. The Nobel Foundation is free from all taxes in Sweden since 1946 and from investment taxes in the United States since 1953. The foundation consists of five Sweden or Norwegian citizens with its place in Stockholm.

The basis of the Nobel Foundation to date is 50% shares, 20% bonds, and 30% other investments. The distribution can differ by 10 percent. 

Inaugural Of Nobel Prizes

The Nobel Prize Physics Committee specified shortlisted Wilhelm Rontgen’s discovery of X-rays and Philipp Lenard’s work on cathode rays. The academy of sciences selected Rontgen as the winner.

During the last decades of the 19th century, many chemists contributed significantly. Thus the Academy Chemist prize solely decides on order in which these scientists would be awarded. The academy has 20 nominations, eleven of which were of Jacobus Van’t Hoff. He was accoladed for his contributions to chemical thermodynamics. 

Sully Prudhomme won the first Nobel prize in Literature. The first Medicine prize went to German Microbiologist and Physiologist Emil Von Behring. He developed an antitoxin to treat diphtheria in the 1890s. The Nobel Peace prize goes to Swiss Jean Henry Dunant for his part in founding the Red Cross Movement. And also initiating the Geneva Convention. It jointly given to French Pacifist Frederic Passy, originator of the Peace League. He was also active with Dunant in the Alliance for Order and Civilization. 

Second World War

Adolf Hitler’s third realm prohibit three laureates from receiving the award. Those were Richard Kuhn, Gerhard Domagk, and Adolf Freidrich Johann Butenandt. Later they were able to receive a Diploma and Medal. Sweden, officially unbiased during the second world war; the prizes were irregularly awarded. The Peace Award was not there in 1939. There were no prizes in any category given from 1940 to 1942. The following year, all prizes they get except those for Peace and Literature. 

Award Process

The award process is the same for all noble prize winners. 

Nominations

The nomination forms are usually sent to different 3,000 individuals in September, the year before the prizes given. These individuals are well-known academics working in relevant fields. For Peace, Nobel prize inquiries are sent to the Governments, former peace prize laureates or former or current members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee. The committee nominates 300 prospective laureates from these additional names and forms. The nominees name do not reveal publicly. Nor are they knew that they considered for the prize. All nomination evidence sealed for 50 years from the accolading of the prize. 

Selection of Award Holders

The Nobel committee prepares a report considering the suggestion of experts in the relevant fields. Also, the preliminary candidates are submitted to the prize-giving institutions. There are four awarding institutions for giving six prizes. They are:

• Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
• Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute
• Swedish Academy
• Norwegian Nobel Committee

The institutions meet to decide the laureate in each field by a majority vote. Their decision which cannot pleaded is declares immediately after the vote. A maximum of three laureates and two works might get select per award. Excluding the Peace prize which the institution can take, the individual who get the award. 

Posthomous Nomination

This nomination did not permits presently. The persons who died between the nomination and decision of the prize committee are basically eligible to receive the award. This has occurred two times.

1) 1931 Literature prize to Erik Axel Karlfeldt

2) 1961 Peace prize awarded to UN Secretary General Dag Hammarskjold

Recognition Time Lag

Nobel’s will be given for prizes in recognition of their discoveries made during the preceding year. Early, the prizes recognized to the current discoveries. However, some discoveries later dishonored. To avoid such mistakes, the award increasingly recognised scientific findings that has resisted the test of time. The interval between the prize and the accomplishment it recognizes differs from discipline to discipline. The literature prize holds to the progressive lifetime body of work, not just a single achievement.

Award Ceremonies

Excluding the Peace prize, the Nobel prizes distribution were in the Stockholm at the Annual Prize Award Ceremony on December 10, the Death Anniversary of Nobel. The Peace prize and recipient lectures took place in the Annual Award Ceremony in Oslo, Norway on December 10. The award ceremonies and related banquets are great international events. 

Prizes

There are prizes in the form of medals, diploma, and award money. Before 1980 medals struck in 23-carat gold. Since then, they have struck in 18-carat green gold plated with 24-carat gold. Nobel laureates receive the prize directly from the hands of the king of Sweden. And award money distribution is in the form of a document confirming the amount given. 

Physics Nobel Prize and Winner of 2022

Alain Aspect, John Clauser and Anton Zeilinger get the Nobel Prize award for their innovative experiments. By using entangled quantum states where two particles act like a single unit even though they separates. It announced on October 4, 2022, by the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences. The 2022 Physics laureates’ evolution of experimental tools led to the foundation for a new age of quantum technology. Being able to handle and manage the quantum states and all their flooring properties give us access to apparatus with incredible potential.

Quantum states

Deep research and advancement are in progress to utilize the important properties of the individual particle system to build quantum computers, improve measurements, set up secure quantum encrypted communication, and build quantum networks.

John Clauser made an apparatus that emits two intertwined photons simultaneously, each towards a filter that tries out their polarization. The result was a vivid violation of a Bell inequality and agreed with the prediction of quantum mechanics.

Alain Aspect, awarded as he advanced a setup to close an important loophole. He was able to switch the measurement settings after an intertwined pair had deserted its sources so the setting that exists when emits could not affect the result. 

Anton Zeilinger researched entangled quantum states. The research group displayed a phenomenon called Quantum Teleportation. Here it makes it possible to move a quantum state from one particle to one at a distance. 

Chemistry Nobel Prize and Winner of 2022

Three scientists charge a revolution in chemistry by creating a way to “click” molecules together like Lego Bricks inside living organisms. They got awards the 2022 Nobel prizes. Carolyn Bertozzi at Stanford University, K Barry Sharpless from Scripps research in California, and Morten Meldal at the University of Copenhagen, honored for discovering and exploiting graceful and efficient chemical reactions to create complicated molecules for the Pharmaceutical industry. With making designer materials and mapping DNA.

Medicine Nobel prize and Winner of 2022

The winner of the Physiology or Medicine Nobel prize of 2022 is Svante Paabo for his discoveries about the human revolution and genomes of extinct hominins. He got award for his innovative research on sequencing the genome of the Neandertals, a vanished relative of humans, and finding a new hominin species, Denisovans. He even demonstrated that Homo Sapiens interbred with these species after wandering out of Africa. 

First, Paabo concentrated on mitochondrial DNA- Genetic material found in the energy-producing structures within our cells. He prioritize mitochondrial DNA from a 40,000 old piece of bone and showed as it is different from the mitochondrial DNA of both modern humans and chimpanzees.

Next, by using advanced DNA sequencing methods, he and his colleagues went on to prioritize the full Neandertal genome, publishing their discoveries in 2010. The team found the most current common ancestor of Homo Sapiens lived about 800,000 years ago; the two species interbred about a thousand years ago. About 1 to 4 percent of modern humans of European or Asian ancestry genomes come from Neandertals. 

Peace Nobel Prize and Winner of 2022

The Nobel Peace prize of October 7, 2022, awarded to Belarusian Human Rights Advocate Ales Bialiatski, the Russian Human Rights Organization Memorial and the Ukrainian Human Rights Organization Center for Civil Liberties. 

The prize acknowledges their contribution for many years, promoting the Right to Criticize Power and saving or protecting the Fundamental Rights of Citizens. 

Literature Nobel Prize and Winners of 2022

Ernaux 82, awarded for consistently writing about her life, noticeable by strong disparities regarding gender, language, and class. The Nobel website describes the courage and detached understanding with which she uncovered the roots, collective restraints of personal memory, and estrangements. 

List of Indian Winners Who Won the Nobel Prize

1. Rabindranath Tagore- Nobel prize for literature in 1913: Rabindranath Tagore put India on a world map by winning the Nobel prize. He was a poet, artist, and thinker. Tagore was the first Indian Nobel prize winner to win the award for a large collection of poems, Gitanjali. The theme was devotion.
2. C V Raman for Physics in 1930: He awarded for his outstanding work in light scattering. His research is termed the Raman scattering or Raman effect. The first person from India to get award in the field of science. He discovered why the sky is blue through his thorough research on how light behaves when it passes through various substances. 
3. Har Gobind Khurana- Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1968: He won the award for his Genetic research.
4. Mother Teresa– Nobel Peace prize in 1979 awarded recognizing her work in overcoming stress and poverty.
5. Subrahmanyan Chandra Sekhar- Nobel prize for Physics in 1983: He shared his Nobel prize with fellow researchers for their work on the structure and evolution of stars. 
6. Amartya Sen- Nobel prize for Economics in 1998: He got award for his work on Welfare Economics
7. Venkatraman Ramakrishnan- Nobel prize in Chemistry in 2009: He published a series of innovative scientific papers on the RNA structure of the Ribosomal unit. He got award in this field.
8. Kailash Satyarthi- Nobel prize in Peace in 2014: He got the prize for his work towards eradicating child trafficking and child labor.
9. Abhijit Banerjee– Nobel prize in Economics on 2019

In addition to these nine winners from India, there are two more names. They are Rudyard Kipling, author of the Jungle Book, and Ronald Ross for his exceptional work in the area of malaria. 

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